![]() indica via wounds that occur during fruit abscission, pruning or hand-picking, or via lenticels on the fruit surface (Menge & Ploetz 2003). ![]() The Botryosphaeriaceae can also infect M. These include stem-end rot on fruit which occurs when these fungi gain entrance via the peduncle (Johnson & Kotzé 1994) causing disease when fruits ripen or are harvested (Menge & Ploetz 2003). Species of the Botryosphaeriaceae are associated with two important diseases on M. Mangifera indica is native to India and is an important subtropical crop cultivated in various countries, including South Africa (Snyman 1998). caffra known locally as marula, and non-native mango ( Mangifera indica), in the Anacardiaceae commonly occur in close proximity to each other. In South Africa, two related tree species, the native Sclerocarya birrea subsp. ![]() The ability of fungi such as the Botryosphaeriaceae to infect multiple hosts, increases the threat that they pose as potential economic and ecological important pathogens of native and cultivated trees globally. ( Combretaceae) and between these trees and Theobroma cacao ( Malvaceae) (Begoude et al. 2007), among various tree hosts in the Casuarinaceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Proteaceae, Santalaceae (Sakalidis et al. 2007), from Pinus resinosa windbreaks to pine nurseries (Stanosz et al. 2006b), between native waterberry trees ( Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae) and related eucalypt plantations ( Myrtaceae) (Pavlic et al. For example, species of the Botryosphaeriaceae have been shown to move between trees in native stands of Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae) and adjacent plantations of these trees (Burgess et al. There are many examples of inter-host exchanges of the Botryosphaeriaceae, and these include those amongst and between native and non-native trees. Since many of the Botryosphaeriaceae have broad host ranges (Slippers and Wingfield, 2007, Jami et al., 2014), these fungi can spread to and infect both related and unrelated plants. The spores (sexual and asexual) of Botryosphaeriaceae are principally dispersed by wind or rain splash (Swart et al., 1987, Mehl et al., 2013). These fungi occur in healthy plant tissues as latent pathogens and persist endophytically until stress occurs, after which disease symptoms can manifest (Slippers & Wingfield 2007). Many species in the family have a wide range of plant hosts, including commercial fruit crops (van Niekerk et al., 2004, Slippers et al., 2005, Chen et al., 2014), forest trees (Burgess et al., 2006b, Slippers et al., 2009), and plants in native woody ecosystems (Pavlic et al., 2007, Mehl et al., 2011, Jami et al., 2014). These fungi infect plants via wounds or through natural plant openings such as buds, lenticels, and stomata (Slippers & Wingfield 2007). parvum, in new areas.įungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae are well known as endophytic and opportunistic pathogens of woody plants. This ability to infect multiple hosts and to migrate amongst them facilitates the establishment and spread of species and genotypes of the Botryosphaeriaceae, such as N. There was significant gene flow between N. parvum suggested that three populations were present, each comprising isolates from both hosts. Population genetic analyses on isolates of N. umdonicola were also collected from both hosts. Isolates of Botryosphaeria fabicerciana, Lasiodiplodia mahajangana, L. Neofusicoccum parvum was dominant in isolations from both hosts in 2012. parvum was the dominant species isolated from M. birrea was Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme, while N. From isolations done in 2006, the dominant species on S. birrea and eleven species were found on M. Gene flow amongst populations of Botryosphaeriaceae shared on these tree species was tested using microsatellite markers. birrea and adjacent mango ( Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae) trees in a subset of sites. caffra, Anacardiaceae) trees in South Africa over two seasons, as well as species common to both S. We studied the species diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with marula ( Sclerocarya birrea subsp. Some species of the Botryosphaeriaceae are capable of infecting a broad range of host plants.
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